OUR ANCESTORS ASKED FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE
The great achievement of the people and the wealth of any state is independence. Historically, 30 years is an instant, but for the people it is a whole era of joys and difficulties, crises and changes, a long and thorny road to the revival of national values, language and culture. This is the path to freedom and independence that our ancestors dreamed of.
If we turn to history, we can be convinced that the totalitarian regime crippled millions of destinies during the hard times, when completely innocent people who were defending their rights to freedom and self-determination fell under the millstones of repression. Only on the territory of Kazakhstan in the 20-30s of the last century, 372 national liberation uprisings took place, which were brutally suppressed by the political regime in force at that time. Many peoples became victims of forced deportation to Kazakhstan; as a result of punitive actions by the state and various violent measures, including collectivization, and hunger, many residents were forced to flee abroad. Alashorda residents and their relatives suffered for freedom-loving ideas and independence. We should also remember those victims of the regime who were in 26 camps of the GULAG of the NKVD, and their family members were persecuted as traitors to the Motherland. Therefore, there are still many "blank spots" in history, and many participants in the people's liberation uprisings, as well as those who gave their lives for the idea of the country's independence, have not yet been fully identified and are gathering dust in the archives of the country and abroad.
Decades have passed, but this black page of history will forever remain an unhealed wound. Therefore, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K. Tokayev dated November 24, 2020 No. 456 "On the State Commission for the Full Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression", chaired by the State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan K. Kusherbayev, the State Commission for the Full Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression was established , the main task of which is the legal and political rehabilitation of victims of political repression. The composition of this State Commission included prominent scientists of Kazakhstan, including KazNU. Al-Farabi.
Chairman of the Board - Rector of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Doctor of Philology, Professor Zhanseit Kanseituly Tuimebayev, noting the importance of this project at the state level, and its relevance on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, provides comprehensive support to the scientists of our university, members of the composition of the State Commission.
Unfortunately, the names of many participants in such large national liberation uprisings as: Batpakkarinskoye, Sarysu-Sozak, Mangyshlak uprisings, Takhta-Kupyrskoye, Balkash-Shokparskoye, Karmakshynskoye and others have not been fully discovered in the archives and have not been returned. Therefore, we are carrying out scrupulous work on the study of archival documents and investigative cases stored in a special archive of the Police Department of the city of Almaty, the Central State Archive of the city of Almaty, State Institution “Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan”.
It is known that the anti-Soviet uprising of the Kazakh Sharua of the Adai clan broke out in Mangyshlak in 1929-1932. and it was caused by the general impoverishment of Kazakh auls, unbearable taxes, massive excesses in collectivization, "elimination of bais and semi-feudal lords", trampling on the religious feelings of the people, the mass death of cattle in 1929 and the famine that followed. Geographically, this uprising covered an area of more than a thousand kilometers from north to south, from the city of Aktyubinsk to the border of Turkmenistan, and from west to east from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the Aral Sea.
After the suppression of the Adayev uprising, many of its participants fled to Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan, Tajikistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The organs of the OGPU put on trial the participants in the uprising, many of them were sentenced to various years of imprisonment, as well as to capital punishment. But some of the participants in this uprising managed to escape abroad. In total, 740 people were involved in the Adayev uprising of 1931, of which 559 participants were arrested. All of them were condemned as "enemies of the people", sentenced to various punishments - from the highest to exile to harsh places far from their native land. More than 130 people were sentenced to capital punishment - death penalty, dozens of people - to 25 and 20 years in camps, about 150 people - to 10 years in camps, the rest received 8, 6, 3, 2 years of imprisonment and expulsion.
As part of the study of the materials of the Adayev uprising, the investigation file of which consists of 12 volumes on the "Counter-revolutionary organization of beys, merchants, former employees of the tsarist government and Soviet workers", 70 people were involved under Articles 58-2 (counter-revolutionary movement) and 59 (banditry) of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ... At the present time, we have prepared a list of 85 names of participants in this uprising, according to which a thorough study of interrogation protocols, decisions, indictments in the case of a counter-revolutionary organization of bai traders, former employees of the tsarist government and co-workers of the former Adayevsky district and other documents is being conducted.
The documents on the "Batpakkara uprising", which broke out in November 1929 in the Batpakkarinsky region and some auls of the Naurzum and Turgai districts of the Kostanay district, are being studied due to the widespread confiscation of property. The peculiarity of the study of materials on this uprising is that the unjustified persecution of relatives
and close members of the uprising were accompanied by the persecution of relatives and friends of the Alashorda residents A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, M. Esbolov, the leader of the national liberation movement in 1916 A. Zhanbosynov. In general, on the basis of Article 58 of the RSFSR Code of Criminal Procedure, 50 people were arrested and labeled as “nationalist”, “counterrevolutionary”, “Alashordinets”, etc. Work is underway to study documents concerning 200 participants in the Batpakkara uprising and identify those who have not been rehabilitated.
Also, archival documents on "Shykistau kөterilisі", which took place in February 1931 in the East Kazakhstan region (now the Abay region), with coverage of about 200 people, are being studied. The organizer and ideological leader of the uprising was the former Shyngystau bay and the volost governor Moldabaev Musatai, who was convicted in January 1931 by the Narsud of the Shyngystau region under Art. 58-7 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for 5 years of expulsion from the indicated area to the city of Kazalinsk. The same fate awaited his son, Moldabaev Manap. The armed uprising was also led by Medeuov Saniyaz and Toraigyrov Yemilzhan.
Currently, the archival documents are being clarified regarding 189 people who were arrested during this uprising. Work is underway to collect information, that is, we find out: which of these people was convicted and for how long, as well as what penalties were applied to them. Cases are being studied against 47 people who were sentenced to capital punishment and shot, 105 people were sent to labor camps and 13 people were resettled to other regions of Kazakhstan.
Among the major national liberation uprisings is the "Sarysu-Sozak uprising", which took place in the Sarysu region of the Zhambyl region and the Sozak region of the South Kazakhstan region from 1928 to 1930. The reasons for the rise of this uprising are similar - dissatisfaction with the policy of the Soviet government, aimed at confiscating property from people known in the Sarysu region. The main reason for the action of the people was the imposition of penalties by the authorities in 1930 against those who performed religious rituals during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Participants in these events put forward slogans aimed at overthrowing Soviet power, therefore, in the Suzak region alone, about 400 insurgents died and more than 200 were taken prisoner, more than 152 people were sent to forced labor camps for a period of 3 to 10 years ; 21 people were deported to Siberia and 10 participants in the uprisings were resettled to other regions of the Kazakh steppe. During our research work, we try to find those participants in the uprisings who have not been rehabilitated.
In our research work, we focus on the Almaty region. In the spring of 1930, a popular uprising broke out in the Karatal region against the violent policy of collectivization. In the Kazakh Territory, collectivization was supposed to be completed in the spring of 1932 (with the exception of nomadic and semi-nomadic regions). If in 1928 2% of all farms were collectivized in Kazakhstan, then by the beginning of autumn 1931 there were 78 districts (out of 122) in the republic, where from 70 to 100% of households were covered by collectivization.
We have identified a number of participants in the uprising in Almaty who have not yet been rehabilitated. They lived in the territory of the present Almaty region. The meeting of the "Troika" at the PP of the OGPU was convicted under 58-2, 58-10, 59-3 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. The fates of people are very complicated and crippled by the system that was in force at that time, and their relatives and friends, as well as descendants, suffered no less. Among the names found in archival documents are those who were put on the wanted list. Preliminary statistics show that the majority of the participants were convicted by the extrajudicial authorities (25% of cases are for persons convicted by the judicial authorities, and 75% are for extrajudicial authorities). Some of the participants in the uprising were sentenced to capital punishment, and most of the people were sentenced to 5 or 10 years in a concentration camp with confiscation of property.
The difficulty of studying archival documents is not only that they, having turned yellow with time, have become unsuitable for reading, but also that incomplete information about certain participants in the uprisings has been preserved, or it is simply "scattered" in other investigative cases. It is difficult to restore the connection of events and create a general historical picture, and we still have a lot of work to restore the historical past.
Our ancestors, striving for freedom and independence, personified an example of extraordinary courage, crystal purity of deeds and thoughts, boundless love for the Motherland. The path to freedom and independence was thorny. Therefore, we are confident that new names of great sons will appear on the horizon of independent Kazakhstan, who will be returned to the people with dignity.
Sholpan ZABIKH, Doctor of Law
Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure,
labor law KazNU them. Al-Farabi:
Prepared by K. TUREZHANOV
